Lets all say it together Ugh, Uber, ugh Were like five minutes into the companys 180 Days of Change apology tour and more awful Uber news is already. In the section Ship Design Analysis we will examine what spacecraft warships will need, what they wont need, and what sort of tasks they will likely be required to. Agenda+Introduction+to+FRANC3D+Demo%2FHands-on%3A+build+an+uncracked+model.jpg' alt='Design Manual On Cracking And Deformations Of The Hand' title='Design Manual On Cracking And Deformations Of The Hand' />Earthquake engineering Wikipedia. Earthquake engineering is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering that designs and analyzes structures, such as buildings and bridges, with earthquakes in mind. Its overall goal is to make such structures more resistant to earthquakes. An earthquake or seismic engineer aims to construct structures that will not be damaged in minor shaking and will avoid serious damage or collapse in a major earthquake. Earthquake engineering is the scientific field concerned with protecting society, the natural environment, and the man made environment from earthquakes by limiting the seismic risk to socio economically acceptable levels. Traditionally, it has been narrowly defined as the study of the behavior of structures and geo structures subject to seismic loading it is considered as a subset of structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, applied physics, etc. However, the tremendous costs experienced in recent earthquakes have led to an expansion of its scope to encompass disciplines from the wider field of civil engineering, mechanical engineering and from the social sciences, especially sociology, political science, economics and finance. The main objectives of earthquake engineering are Foresee the potential consequences of strong earthquakes on urban areas and civil infrastructure. Design, construct and maintain structures to perform at earthquake exposure up to the expectations and in compliance with building codes. A properly engineered structure does not necessarily have to be extremely strong or expensive. It has to be properly designed to withstand the seismic effects while sustaining an acceptable level of damage. Seismic loadingeditSeismic loading means application of an earthquake generated excitation on a structure or geo structure. It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground,4 with adjacent structures,5 or with gravity waves from tsunami. The loading that is expected at a given location on the Earths surface is estimated by engineering seismology. It is related to the seismic hazard of the location. Seismic performanceeditEarthquake or seismic performance defines a structures ability to sustain its main functions, such as its safety and serviceability, at and after a particular earthquake exposure. A structure is normally considered safe if it does not endanger the lives and well being of those in or around it by partially or completely collapsing. A structure may be considered serviceable if it is able to fulfill its operational functions for which it was designed. Basic concepts of the earthquake engineering, implemented in the major building codes, assume that a building should survive a rare, very severe earthquake by sustaining significant damage but without globally collapsing. On the other hand, it should remain operational for more frequent, but less severe seismic events. Seismic performance assessmenteditEngineers need to know the quantified level of the actual or anticipated seismic performance associated with the direct damage to an individual building subject to a specified ground shaking. Such an assessment may be performed either experimentally or analytically. Experimental assessmenteditExperimental evaluations are expensive tests that are typically done by placing a scaled model of the structure on a shake table that simulates the earth shaking and observing its behavior. Such kinds of experiments were first performed more than a century ago. Only recently has it become possible to perform 1 1 scale testing on full structures. Due to the costly nature of such tests, they tend to be used mainly for understanding the seismic behavior of structures, validating models and verifying analysis methods. Thus, once properly validated, computational models and numerical procedures tend to carry the major burden for the seismic performance assessment of structures. AnalyticalNumerical assessmenteditSeismic performance assessment or seismic structural analysis is a powerful tool of earthquake engineering which utilizes detailed modelling of the structure together with methods of structural analysis to gain a better understanding of seismic performance of building and non building structures. The technique as a formal concept is a relatively recent development. In general, seismic structural analysis is based on the methods of structural dynamics. For decades, the most prominent instrument of seismic analysis has been the earthquake response spectrum method which also contributed to the proposed building codes concept of today. Of the Manual will be modified and crossreference the Characterization Guidelines. Chapters 6 to 8 contain general discussions offoundation design, dealing with. However, such methods are good only for linear elastic systems, being largely unable to model the structural behavior when damage i. Numerical step by step integration proved to be a more effective method of analysis for multi degree of freedom structural systems with significant non linearity under a transient process of ground motion excitation. Basically, numerical analysis is conducted in order to evaluate the seismic performance of buildings. Performance evaluations are generally carried out by using nonlinear static pushover analysis or nonlinear time history analysis. In such analyses, it is essential to achieve accurate non linear modeling of structural components such as beams, columns, beam column joints, shear walls etc. Thus, experimental results play an important role in determining the modeling parameters of individual components, especially those that are subject to significant non linear deformations. The individual components are then assembled to create a full non linear model of the structure. Thus created models are analyzed to evaluate the performance of buildings. The capabilities of the structural analysis software are a major consideration in the above process as they restrict the possible component models, the analysis methods available and, most importantly, the numerical robustness. View and Download Ford Explorer 2011 owners manual online. Explorer 2011 Automobile pdf manual download. A simple overview of reinforced concrete design may be helpful here. Concrete is a material high in compression strength and low in tensile strength. Earthquake engineering is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering that designs and analyzes structures, such as buildings and bridges, with earthquakes in mind. Web portal for buildingrelated information with a whole building focus provided by the National Institute of Building Sciences. Areas include Design Guidance. Scientific Manual V8 Download as PDF File. Text File. txt or read online. View and Download Tecnam P2002 JF maintenance manual online. P2002 JF Aircrafts pdf manual download. The latter becomes a major consideration for structures that venture into the non linear range and approach global or local collapse as the numerical solution becomes increasingly unstable and thus difficult to reach. There are several commercially available Finite Element Analysis softwares such as CSI SAP2. CSI PERFORM 3. D and Scia Engineer ECtools which can be used for the seismic performance evaluation of buildings. Moreover, there is research based finite element analysis platforms such as Open. Sees, RUAUMOKO and the older DRAIN 2. D3. D, several of which are now open source. Research for earthquake engineeringeditResearch for earthquake engineering means both field and analytical investigation or experimentation intended for discovery and scientific explanation of earthquake engineering related facts, revision of conventional concepts in the light of new findings, and practical application of the developed theories. The National Science Foundation NSF is the main United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all fields of earthquake engineering. In particular, it focuses on experimental, analytical and computational research on design and performance enhancement of structural systems. E Defense Shake Table1. The Earthquake Engineering Research Institute EERI is a leader in dissemination of earthquake engineering research related information both in the U. Concrete Basics in Construction from Construction Knowledge. How Does Concrete Work What are the Structural Basics for ConcreteWhat is Reinforced Concrete What Should I Know About Rebar Why is the Amount of Water so Important for Concrete What Should I Know About Concrete Testing How Do I Get Concrete on the JobWhat Public Domain Documents are Available for Further. Study 9. Tricks of the Trade Rules of Thumb for Concrete Basics How Does Concrete Work Modern concrete consists primarily of four components Portland cement. A common misconception with concrete is that it. Actually, the hydraulic cement reacts with the. As an example, concrete. Many additional ingredients can be added to the basic concrete mix in. The following. list shows some common admixtures additives and additional ingredients. Admixtures. Accelerators speed up the hydration, or hardening, of. Often used in colder temperatures so the concrete. Retarders slow the hydration, or hardening, of the wet concrete. Often used in hotter temperatures so the concrete doesnt set too. Air entraining agents add and help distribute tiny air bubbles. These tiny air bubbles help the concrete. Plasticizers and Superplasticizers improve the workability of the. They are particularly helpful when placing concrete. Alternatively, Plasticizers and. Superplasticizers can be used to lower the water content in the. Pigments change the color of the concrete for aesthetic reasons. Additions. Fly Ash can replace about half of the required amount of Portland. Sean O Connor Game Package Art. Fly Ash is a by product of coal fired electric generating. Concrete made. with Fly Ash and Portland cement can have higher strength and improved. The use of Fly Ash concrete is. Portland cement. can also be saved. Ground granulated blastfurnace slag GGBS or GGBFS can also. Portland cement. GGBS is a by product of. GGBS has had the most use in Europe and. Asia. Silica Fume can also replace part of the required Portland cement. Silica Fume is a by product of the manufacture of silica alloys. The. particle size of Silica Fume is 1. Portland cement. Silica Fume improves concrete strength, abrasion. What are the Structural Basics for Concrete Concrete is strong in compression. So what does that really mean To understand compressive strength, think about several packs of. If you carefully stand on those packs of. Your weight tends towards crushing those. If you jump up and land on those packs of crackers, you will. You will. have made the crackers fail in compression. Now try to jump on a concrete sidewalk. Youd have to jump pretty. In fact, you. probably couldnt make that sidewalk fail in compression. Thats why. concrete gets used so much in construction. But the story doesnt end. Grab a piece of string and pull in either direction. Youve just put. the string into tension. If you can pull hard enough, the string will. Concrete, while quite strong in. The resistive. strength of concrete for compression is around 4,0. Generally, the tension strength of. Builders in the past understood these properties of concrete and. So walls. could be concrete and stone, as could foundations, since both primarily. Arches are an interesting structural form because arches also act. Therefore, arches above windows in old buildings. Barrel vault ceilings are really just three. If an arch above a window got too flat, however, it would stop. So, regular concrete cracks at the bottom of the. The cracking then causes the. This example illustrates how concrete fails in tension. When considering the engineering use of materials, a more detailed. Basic Structural Analysis helps. What is Reinforced Concrete In the mid 1. This reinforced concrete became a phenomenally. There are several reasons why the combination. The coefficient of thermal expansion is similar for concrete and. If they didnt, the. The bond between reinforcing steel bars rebar and concrete is. The rebar has surface deformations ridges to. Due to the strong bond, the concrete. When the cement paste contacts the steel rebar, it forms a. This passivation. The location of the rebar in the structure depends on the use. Simple beams and slabs often only have rebar only on the tension. When a continuous beam spans over top of columns, the. Column footings are interesting to consider. Many people dont know. As a simple way to. Now take the. index finger of your right hand and poke down into the middle of the. Cup your left hand a bit, as if reacting to the. Insert photo here. Its easy to see. Therefore, the bottom of a simple concrete footing is in. So the rebar needs to be near the bottom. It is important that the reinforcing steel have enough concrete cover. The concrete. cover also protects the reinforcing steel from excessive moisture or. The American Concrete Institute Building Code. Rebar Rules for Distance to Edge of Concrete. Minimum. Concrete Cover. Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth. Formed concrete exposed to earth or weather 5 bar and smaller. Formed concrete exposed to earth or weather 6 through 1. Formed concrete not exposed to earth or weather slabs, walls, joists 1. Formed concrete not exposed to earth or weather slabs, walls, joists 1. Formed concrete not exposed to earth or weather beams and columns 1 12A simple overview of reinforced concrete design may be helpful here. Concrete is a material high in compression strength and low in tensile. Steel, as a material, outperforms concrete 1. However, steel costs about 5. Thus. economical reinforced concrete design uses steel to carry the tension. Reinforced concrete must be designed with quite a bit of. Expansion and Contraction. Of course, all building. Two additional properties of reinforced concrete design that are. Construction Supervisor to be aware of are Creep and Fatigue. Again, all structural elements must deal with creep and fatigue, but. What Should I Know About Rebar The amount of rebar used in typical structures is a small percentage of. Most beams, for example, use about 1 rebar for. Columns may use up to 6 rebar. Since. rebar costs much more than concrete, efficient engineering design. Rebar is central to reinforced concrete, so a basic understanding. The various sizes are important to know a 3 bar is 38 in. The easy rule of thumb for. Rebar. Diameter. Weightft2. As noted above, the structural element needs rebar to carry the. So a footing needs rebar on the. Rebar is. also commonly used to help control concrete shrinkage. As concrete cures. Most of the shrinkage happens in the. The. shrinkage continues forever, but the amount of change becomes smaller. In addition to the shrinkage due to curing, concrete will both expand. Therefore, additional rebar is often used in a. Temperature Steel. This rebar helps. Its common to see 4s at 1. A. Construction Supervisor should be able to look at the drawings for the reinforced. Many times field decisions are made regarding pipes and ducts passing. Though these decisions should ideally be made by the. Structural Engineer, the Construction Supervisor needs to understand enough of. The simple precept, When in doubt. Structural Engineer is easy to say but not particularly. Construction Supervisor makes hundreds of decisions a day. The. wise Construction Supervisor understands the whys and hows of rebar use. In order for reinforcing bars to be in the required location in. Typically a steel detailer draws a Shop Drawing that takes the. These Shop Drawings should be carefully reviewed by the. Construction Supervisor to check for fit, conflicts and errors.